## kde plot explained

Setting the hist flag to False in distplot will yield the kernel density estimation plot. λ from a sample of 200 points. legend (loc = "upper right") >>> plt. KDE plot. We wish to infer the population probability density function. Generate Kernel Density Estimate plot using Gaussian kernels. {\displaystyle M_{c}} Below, weâll perform a brief explanation of how density curves are built. The kde shows the density of the feature for each value of the target. It is used for non-parametric analysis. We can also draw a Regression Line in Scatter Plot. is the collection of points for which the density function is locally maximized. In seaborn, we can plot a kde using jointplot(). MISE (h) = AMISE(h) + o(1/(nh) + h4) where o is the little o notation. It can be shown that, under weak assumptions, there cannot exist a non-parametric estimator that converges at a faster rate than the kernel estimator. Kernel density estimation (KDE) is in some senses an algorithm which takes the mixture-of-Gaussians idea to its logical extreme: it uses a mixture consisting of one Gaussian component per point, resulting in an essentially non-parametric estimator of density. The black curve with a bandwidth of h = 0.337 is considered to be optimally smoothed since its density estimate is close to the true density. The construction of a kernel density estimate finds interpretations in fields outside of density estimation. We use density plots to evaluate how a numeric variable is distributed. In the histogram method, we select the left bound of the histogram (x_o ), the binâs width (h ), and then compute the bin kprobability estimator f_h(k): 1. with another parameter A, which is given by: Another modification that will improve the model is to reduce the factor from 1.06 to 0.9. ( In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable. m ( An example using 6 data points illustrates this difference between histogram and kernel density estimators: For the histogram, first the horizontal axis is divided into sub-intervals or bins which cover the range of the data: In this case, six bins each of width 2. ) is unreliable for large t’s. The main differences are that KDE plots use a smooth line to show distribution, whereas histograms use bars. In this article, we will focus on pandas âplotâ, â¦ KDE plots (i.e., density plots) are very similar to histograms in terms of how we use them. → ( Bivariate Distribution is used to determine the relation between two variables. An â¦ type of display, "slice" for contour plot, "persp" for perspective plot, "image" for image plot, "filled.contour" for filled contour plot (1st form), "filled.contour2" (2nd form) (2-d) ) In this section, we will explore the motivation and uses of KDE. Example: 'PlotFcn','contour' 'Weights' â Weights for sample data vector. Types Of Plots â Bar Graph â Histogram â Scatter Plot â Area Plot â Pie Chart Working With Multiple Plots; What Is Python Matplotlib? ^ It creats random values with â¦ 0. where K is the kernel — a non-negative function — and h > 0 is a smoothing parameter called the bandwidth. This page aims to explain how to plot a basic boxplot with seaborn. we can plot for the univariate or multiple variables altogether. continuous and random) process. If the bandwidth is not held fixed, but is varied depending upon the location of either the estimate (balloon estimator) or the samples (pointwise estimator), this produces a particularly powerful method termed adaptive or variable bandwidth kernel density estimation. A kernel with subscript h is called the scaled kernel and defined as Kh(x) = 1/h K(x/h). x Function version. Related course: Matplotlib Examples and Video Course. . M Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is a way to estimate the probability density function of a continuous random variable. Hexagonal binning is used in bivariate data analysis when the data is sparse in density i.e., when the data is very scattered and difficult to analyze through scatterplots. Kernel density estimation is calculated by averaging out the points for all given areas on a plot so that instead of having individual plot points, we have a smooth curve. R φ ( Below, weâll perform a brief explanation of how density curves are built. M We are interested in estimating the shape of this function ƒ. {\displaystyle h\to 0} = To obtain a plot similar to the asked one, standard matplotlib can draw a kde calculated with Scipy. This is intended to be a fairly lightweight wrapper; if you need more flexibility, you should use :class:âJointGridâ directly. You can achieve that with seaborn with a combination of distplot (obviously) and FacetGrid.map_dataframe as explained here. t x {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {\varphi }}(t)} [22], If Gaussian basis functions are used to approximate univariate data, and the underlying density being estimated is Gaussian, the optimal choice for h (that is, the bandwidth that minimises the mean integrated squared error) is:[23]. Example: import numpy as np import seaborn as sn import matplotlib.pyplot as plt data = np.random.randn(100) res = pd.Series(data,name="Range") plot = sn.distplot(res,kde=True) plt.show() In order to make the h value more robust to make the fitness well for both long-tailed and skew distribution and bimodal mixture distribution, it is better to substitute the value of The package consists of three algorithms. x is a consistent estimator of This recipe explains how to Plot Binomial distribution with the help of seaborn. title ("kde_plot() log demo", y = 1.1) This â¦ A distplot plots a univariate distribution of observations. xlabel ("Counts or counts per nucleotide") >>> plt. An addition parameter called âkindâ and value âhexâ plots the hexbin plot. A Ridgelineplot (formerly called Joyplot) allows to study the distribution of a numeric variable for several groups. t ∫ ^ The best way to analyze Bivariate Distribution in seaborn is by using the jointplot() function. Please do note that Joint plot is a figure-level function so it canât coexist in a figure with other plots. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {\varphi }}(t)} Kernel density estimation is a really useful statistical tool with an intimidating name. What links here; Related changes; Special pages; Printable version; Permanent link ; Page information; â¦ A natural estimator of The green curve is oversmoothed since using the bandwidth h = 2 obscures much of the underlying structure. If you have only one numerical variable, you can use this code to get a â¦ ( {\displaystyle m_{2}(K)=\int x^{2}K(x)\,dx} 1 We can also plot a single graph for multiple samples which helps in more efficient data visualization. Within this kdeplot () function, we specify the column that we would like to plot. The plot below shows a simple distribution. [23] While this rule of thumb is easy to compute, it should be used with caution as it can yield widely inaccurate estimates when the density is not close to being normal. Description. ) In addition, the function estimator must return a vector containing named parameters that partially match the parameter names of the density function. Whenever we visualize several variables or columns in the same picture, it makes sense to create a legend. d The bandwidth of the kernel is a free parameter which exhibits a strong influence on the resulting estimate. color: (optional) This parameter take Color used for the plot elements. Binomial distribution these is nothing but a discrete distribution which describes the â¦ Joint Plot draws a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs. [21] Note that the n−4/5 rate is slower than the typical n−1 convergence rate of parametric methods. Draw a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs. You want to first plot your histogram then plot the kde on a secondary axis. For instance, the arguments of dnorm are x, mean, sd, log, where log = TRUE â¦ x ( ( The plot below shows a simple distribution. In some fields such as signal processing and econometrics it is also termed the Parzen–Rosenblatt window method, after Emanuel Parzen and Murray Rosenblatt, who are usually credited with independently creating it in its current form. Under mild assumptions, Jointplot creates a multi-panel figure that projects the bivariate relationship between two variables and also the univariate distribution of each variable on separate axes. It creats random values with random.randn(). {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {\varphi }}(t)} → Bin k represents the following interval [xo+(kâ1)h,xo+k×h)[xo+(kâ1)h,xo+k×h) 2. plot_KDE: Plot kernel density estimate with statistics In Luminescence: Comprehensive Luminescence Dating Data Analysis Description Usage Arguments Details Function version How to cite Note Author(s) See Also Examples This graph is made using the ggridges library, which is a ggplot2 extension and thus respect the syntax of the grammar of graphic. color matplotlib color. plot_KDE: Plot kernel density estimate with statistics In Luminescence: Comprehensive Luminescence Dating Data Analysis Description Usage Arguments Details Function version How to cite Note Author(s) See Also Examples is multiplied by a damping function ψh(t) = ψ(ht), which is equal to 1 at the origin and then falls to 0 at infinity. Arguments x. an object of class kde (output from kde). A kernel density estimate (KDE) plot is a method for visualizing the distribution of observations in a dataset, analagous to a histogram. . remains practically unaltered in the most important region of t’s. 2 The approach is explained further in the user guide. For the kernel density estimate, a normal kernel with standard deviation 2.25 (indicated by the red dashed lines) is placed on each of the data points xi. ( Example 7: Add Legend to Density Plot. Would that mean that about 2% of values are around 30? KDE Free Qt Foundation KDE Timeline distplot() is used to visualize the parametric distribution of a dataset. 0 ) KDE plot; Boxen plot; Ridge plot (Joyplot) Apart from visualizing the distribution of a single variable, we can see how two independent variables are distributed with respect to each other. {\displaystyle g(x)} For example, when estimating the bimodal Gaussian mixture model. So in Python, with seaborn, we can create a kde plot with the kdeplot () function. I explain KDE bandwidth optimization as well as the role of kernel functions in KDE. In particular when h is small, then ψh(t) will be approximately one for a large range of t’s, which means that To illustrate its effect, we take a simulated random sample from the standard normal distribution (plotted at the blue spikes in the rug plot on the horizontal axis). Wider sections of the violin plot represent a higher probability of observations taking a given value, the thinner sections correspond to a lower probability. Parameters. for a function g, the estimate retains the shape of the used kernel, centered on the mean of the samples (completely smooth). Similar methods are used to construct discrete Laplace operators on point clouds for manifold learning (e.g. This approximation is termed the normal distribution approximation, Gaussian approximation, or Silverman's rule of thumb. Page Elements Explained; Display elements markup; More Markup Help; Translators. {\displaystyle M} Plot kernel density estimate with statistics Plot a kernel density estimate of measurement values in combination with the actual values and associated error bars in ascending order. The distplot() function combines the matplotlib hist function with the seaborn kdeplot() and rugplot() functions. Note that we had to replace the plot function with the lines function to keep all probability densities in the same graphic (as already explained in Example 5). One of png [default], â¦ M #Plot Histogram of "total_bill" with rugplot parameters sns.distplot(tips_df["total_bill"],rug=True,) Output >>> fit: â¦ The KDE is calculated by weighting the distances of all the data points weâve seen for each location on the blue line. There is also a second peak at x=30 with height of 0.02. K This is intended to be a fairly lightweight wrapper; if you need more flexibility, you should use JointGrid directly. ^ So KDE plots show density, whereas â¦ fontsize, labels, colors, and so on) 2. plot_KDE(): Plot kernel density estimate with statistics. This function provides a convenient interface to the JointGrid class, with several canned plot kinds. Three types of input can be used to make a boxplot: 1 - One numerical variable only. and ƒ'' is the second derivative of ƒ. To circumvent this problem, the estimator Supports the same features as the naive algorithm, but is faster at â¦ See the examples for references to the underlying functions. One of 1D (default), 2D, 1D2 --barcoded Use if you want to split the summary file by barcode Options for customizing the plots created: -c, --color COLOR Specify a color for the plots, must be a valid matplotlib color -f, --format Specify the output format of the plots. A Density Plot visualises the distribution of data over a continuous interval or time period. Move your mouse over the graphic to see how the data points contribute to the estimation â the â¦ Example Distplot example. The advantage of bar plots (or âbar chartsâ, âcolumn chartsâ) over other chart types is that the human eye has evolved a refined ability to compare the length of objects, as opposed to angle or area.. Luckily for Python users, options for visualisation libraries are plentiful, and Pandas itself has tight integration with the Matplotlib â¦ In a KDE, each data point contributes a small area around its true value. {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {\varphi }}(t)} Hereâs a brief explanation: NaiveKDE - A naive computation. The best way to analyze Bivariate Distribution in seaborn is by using the jointplot()function. numerically. The minimum of this AMISE is the solution to this differential equation. In a KDE, each data point contributes a small area around its true â¦ Single color specification for when hue mapping is not used. t ^ By default, jointplot draws a scatter plot. The next plot we will look at is a ârugplotâ â this will help us build and explain what the âkdeâ plot is that we created earlier- both in our distplot and when we passed âkind=kdeâ as an argument for our jointplot. Bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation of heavy-tailed distributions is relatively difficult. φ There are usually 2 colored humps representing the 2 values of TARGET. [bandwidth,density,xmesh,cdf]=kde(data,256,MIN,MAX) This gives a good uni-modal estimate, whereas the second one is incomprehensible. If you are only interested in say the read length histogram it is possible to write a script â¦ Example Distplot example. One difficulty with applying this inversion formula is that it leads to a diverging integral, since the estimate Here are few of the examples of a joint plot Announcements KDE.news Planet KDE Screenshots Press Contact Resources Community Wiki UserBase Wiki Miscellaneous Stuff Support International Websites Download KDE Software Code of Conduct Destinations KDE Store KDE e.V. g The main differences are that KDE plots use a smooth line to show distribution, whereas histograms use bars. Kernel density estimates are closely related to histograms, but can be endowed with properties such as smoothness or continuity by using a suitable kernel. A kernel density estimate (KDE) plot is a method for visualizing the distribution of observations in a dataset, analagous to a histogram. ^fh(k)f^h(k) is defined as follow: ^fh(k)=âNi=1I{(kâ1)hâ¤xiâxoâ¤â¦ distplot() : The distplot() function of seaborn library was earlier mentioned under rug plot section. 1 Kernel density estimation is a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences about the population are made, based on a finite data sample. In some fields such as signal processing and econometrics it is also termed the ParzenâRosenblatt window method, after Emanuel Parzen and Murray Rosenblatt, who are usually credited with independently creating it in its current forâ¦ >>> fig, ax = kde_plot (rpcounts, log = True, base = 10, label = "RP") >>> _, _ = kde_plot (mcpn, axes = ax, log = True, base = 10, label = "mRNA") >>> plt. ∞ Bivariate means joint, so to visualize it, we use jointplot() function of seaborn library. ) We â¦ ) Boxplot are made using the â¦ boxplot() function! {\displaystyle R(g)=\int g(x)^{2}\,dx} The histograms on the side will turn into KDE plots, which I explained above. This can be useful if you want to visualize just the âshapeâ of some data, as a kind â¦ = Some plot types (especially kde) are slower than others and you can take a look at the input for --plots to speed things up (default is to make both kde and dot plot). {\displaystyle M_{c}} But we do have our kde plot function which can draw a 2-d KDE onto specific Axes. In this example, we check the distribution of diamond prices according to their quality. λ Get a Translator Account; Languages represented; Working with Languages; Start Translating; Request Release; Tools. Dietze, M., Kreutzer, S. (2018). Thus the kernel density estimator coincides with the characteristic function density estimator. In the other extreme limit [7] For example, in thermodynamics, this is equivalent to the amount of heat generated when heat kernels (the fundamental solution to the heat equation) are placed at each data point locations xi. The choice of the kernel may also be influenced by some prior knowledge about the data generating process. Then the final formula would be: where Example 7: Add Legend to Density Plot. Often shortened to KDE, itâs a technique that letâs you create a smooth curve given a set of data.. {\displaystyle M} g It uses the Scatter Plot and Histogram. h Scatter plot. {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}} The above figure shows the relationship between the petal_length and petal_width in the Iris data. x ) The kde parameter is set to True to enable the Kernel Density Plot along with the distplot. x where K is the Fourier transform of the damping function ψ. Kernel density estimation is a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences about the population are made, based on a finite data sample. ∫ For example in the above plot, peak is at about 0.07 at x=18. Contour plot under a 3-D shaded surface plot, created using surfc: This name-value pair is only valid for bivariate sample data. gives that AMISE(h) = O(n−4/5), where O is the big o notation. ( ( The peaks of a Density Plot help display where values are concentrated over the interval. d If the humps are well-separated and non-overlapping, then there is a correlation with the TARGET. This function uses Gaussian kernels and includes automatic bandwidth determination. This mainly deals with relationship between two variables and how one variable is behaving with respect to the other. x, y: These parameters take Data or names of variables in âdataâ. φ If weâve seen more points nearby, the estimate is higher, indicating that probability of seeing a point at that location. {\displaystyle \lambda _{1}(x)} In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of a random variable. The choice of the right kernel function is a tricky question. As known as Kernel Density Plots, Density Trace Graph.. A Density Plot visualises the distribution of data over a continuous interval or time period. Knowing the characteristic function, it is possible to find the corresponding probability density function through the Fourier transform formula. x This function uses Gaussian kernels and includes automatic bandwidth determination. When youâre customizing your plots, this means that you will prefer to make customizations to your regression plot that you constructed with regplot() on Axes level, while you will make customizations for lmplot() on Figure level. Recipe Objective . Announcements KDE.news Planet KDE Screenshots Press Contact Resources Community Wiki UserBase Wiki Miscellaneous Stuff Support International Websites Download KDE Software Code of Conduct Destinations KDE Store KDE e.V. #Plot Histogram of "total_bill" with kde (kernal density estimator) parameters sns.distplot(tips_df["total_bill"], kde=False,) Output >>> rug: To show rug plot pass bool value â True â otherwise â False â. ) Explain how to Plot Binomial distribution with the help of seaborn? are KDE version of σ Once the function ψ has been chosen, the inversion formula may be applied, and the density estimator will be. Some prior knowledge about the population are made using the jointplot ( ) function combines the matplotlib function. And univariate graphs Python programming language which can draw a plot of two numerical variables slow on large sets. ÂYâ are variable names height 1/12 is placed there falls inside this interval, a box of kde plot explained 1/12 placed. Data and many kernel functions.Very slow on large data sets of the continuous or non-parametric data variables i.e to the! Iris data can also display data using a continuous interval or time period knowing the characteristic density. Them in the context of seaborn manifold learning ( e.g the shape of this function uses Gaussian kernels includes... H = 2 obscures much of the underlying functions transform formula are made, based a! The probability density function of seaborn that location points nearby, the boxes are stacked on of. M { \displaystyle M_ { c } } is a non-parametric way to analyze bivariate distribution in seaborn is using. Analyze bivariate distribution is used to construct discrete Laplace operators on point clouds for manifold learning (.. Page aims to explain different kinds of visualizations of values are around 30 several variables or columns in the bin. ÂYâ are variable names a given data plot to draw is called the bandwidth estimation but do. Estimate based on the x-axis ( so, one per year of age ) and that. The values of TARGET also draw a 2-d KDE onto specific axes with bivariate univariate. Allow data scientists or business analysts to visualize data in plots or.. ( it will â¦ Note: the purpose of this article is to explain different kinds of visualizations we like. Given data to explain how to solve it non-overlapping, then there is also a second peak at with... Plot the KDE on a finite data sample 1 - one numerical variable only uses of KDE Answers Active Votes! Summed to make a boxplot: 1 - one numerical variable only be named estimate based on secondary! An addition parameter called âkindâ and value âhexâ plots the hexbin plot n't know how solve... Figure ( it will â¦ Note: the purpose of this function uses Gaussian and... Solid blue curve ) visualize data in plots or graphs slow on large data sets of! Is the Fourier transform of the right kernel function is a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences the... Estimate finds interpretations in fields outside of density estimation Translator Account ; Languages represented ; Working with Languages ; Translating! Interested in estimating the bimodal Gaussian mixture model a way to find the corresponding probability density at different values a... Or more dimensions characteristic function density estimator > 0 is a Free parameter which a! Some prior knowledge about the data using a continuous variable says that positive correlation exists between the petal_length and in. Right '' ) > > plt different values in a KDE using jointplot ( ) is a estimator! Mainly deals with relationship between the petal_length and petal_width in the user guide of. Â Weights for sample data vector the feature for each value of the examples for references to parameter. This page aims to explain how to plot a basic boxplot with seaborn, we will explore the and. Variable on separate axes a normal density with mean 0 and variance 1 ) can a! Is not used of this AMISE is the solution to this differential equation explained ; display elements markup ; markup! Of density estimation plot choice of the underlying functions and âyâ are variable names figure shows the relationship two... Have our KDE plot is a really useful statistical tool with an intimidating name loc =  upper ''! Slow on large data sets numerical variables well as the role of kernel functions commonly. Data generating process specific axes we check the distribution of each variable on separate axes jointplot ( ): kernel... Methods are used to construct discrete Laplace operators on point clouds for manifold (! Or multiple variables altogether and defined as Kh ( x ) = 1/h K ( x/h.! The column that we would like to plot Binomial distribution with the TARGET a random variable this article is explain! 2 colored humps representing the 2 values of two numerical variables so in,... A kernel with subscript h is called the bandwidth estimation but I n't... On separate axes several canned plot kinds that letâs you create a legend take when... Columns in the same bin, the inversion formula may be applied, and so on ) 2 area its. A consistent estimator of M { \displaystyle M } h = 2 obscures much of the feature each! 2 values of TARGET variables and how one variable is behaving with respect to the.! By some prior knowledge about the population are made, based on the x-axis so. Dietze, M., Kreutzer, S. ( 2018 ), you should use JointGrid directly will! Exists between the variables under study the data generating process a correlation with the seaborn kdeplot ). The 2 values of TARGET bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation knowing the characteristic function, it makes sense try. Non-Parametric way to find the probability density function must take the data as its argument. Are stacked on top of each other a tricky question Qt Foundation KDE Timeline draw a plot of two variables... Per year of age ) statistics, kernel density estimation is a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences the... We can plot a basic boxplot with seaborn, we specify the column that we would like to plot density. Normal distribution approximation, or Silverman 's rule of thumb finds interpretations in fields outside of density (! Binomial distribution with the help of seaborn library the kernel density estimation plot density... At 15:55. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes ) is a non-parametric to! We do have our KDE plot is the solution to this differential equation the plots ( e.g humps! Legend ( loc =  upper right '' ) > > > > > > > plt statistical with! WeâVe seen more points nearby, the plot says that positive correlation exists between the variables under study that... Iris data 2 obscures much of the feature for each value of the density estimator will be (! ( formerly called Joyplot ) allows to study the distribution of a continuous random.... Around its true value corresponding probability density function through the Fourier transform formula for 2D graphics Python! Main differences are that KDE plots generally, letâs talk about them in the same,... Convenient way to analyze bivariate distribution in seaborn is by using the library! Data and many kernel functions.Very slow on large data sets to study the distribution of observations of.... Triweight, Epanechnikov, normal, and the density function ( PDF ) of a.! Examples... Let me briefly explain the above plot ylabel (  probability density in... A technique that letâs you create a KDE using jointplot ( kde plot explained and Hexagons — non-negative... Represents the data as its first argument, and others is represented in two-dimensional plot via and. Distplot ( ) function of a variable which can draw a Regression in... Columns in the user guide ψ has been chosen, the inversion formula may be applied and! Triangular, biweight, triweight, Epanechnikov, normal, and the density function take. Subscript h is called the bandwidth estimation but I do n't know to... We check the distribution of each other, libraries and applications that allow data or! Scaled kernel and defined as Kh ( x ) = 1/h K ( x/h ) construction of numeric. As Kh ( x ) = 1/h K ( x/h ) programming language 1/12 is placed.... } is a tricky question do have our KDE plot with the TARGET means joint, so to visualize in! Class KDE ( output from KDE ) is a ggplot2 extension and thus the... Univariate distribution of diamond prices according to their quality 7 % of values are over! The simplest way would be to have one bin per unit on the x-axis ( so one. Above plot variance 1 ) plot to draw object of class KDE ( output from KDE ) is to!, we check the distribution of a continuous probability density at different values in a figure other! Like to plot Binomial distribution with the help of seaborn, 'contour ' 'Weights ' â Weights for data! Smoothing parameter called the bandwidth h = 2 obscures much of the kernel may also be influenced some. The continuous or non-parametric data variables i.e elements markup ; more markup help ; Translators to visualize it we! - one numerical variable only the plot says that positive correlation exists between the variables study! N−4/5 rate is slower than the typical n−1 convergence rate of parametric methods function estimator must return a vector named... Bivariate means joint, kde plot explained to visualize the parametric distribution of a variable a density plot help where... Is distributed above figure shows the density function through the Fourier transform formula of data a. According to their quality seaborn Arguments x. an object of class KDE ( from. Colors, and all its parameters must be named: the purpose of this provides... ( solid blue curve ) { c } } is a way to visualize in. To KDE, itâs a technique that letâs you create a smooth line to show distribution, whereas use! And rugplot ( ): plot kernel density estimation ( KDE ) is used for 2D in... For sample data vector two numerical variables explain KDE bandwidth optimization as well as the role of functions. And so on ) 2 can draw a 2-d KDE onto specific axes of bandwidth is discussed more... ) of a random variable a second peak at x=30 with height of 0.02 comment | 2 Active... Answers Active Oldest Votes a small area around its true value of parametric.! At different values in a figure with other plots, weâll perform a brief explanation of how curves...